Thermal Performance of Semi-Outdoor Buildings in a Coastal Tropical Environment
Keywords:
Thermal Performance, CFD Simulation , Semi-Outdoor Timber Buildings, Coastal Microclimate, Thermal Comfort (TE–PMV–PPD)Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the thermal performance and comfort levels of semi-outdoor timber buildings in a tropical coastal environment through an integrated approach combining field measurements and CFD simulations. Key thermal parameters—including air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT), Effective Temperature (TE), and thermal comfort indices (PMV and PPD)—were measured at three semi-outdoor spaces of Maha Corner Café during peak operational hours. These empirical data were used to construct detailed airflow and temperature simulations in ANSYS Fluent to analyze ventilation behavior and thermal distribution. The results show that air temperatures remained relatively stable (29–30 °C), while TE values indicated warmer perceived conditions due to high humidity and solar exposure. PMV values ranged from slightly warm to warm (+0.7 to +1.8), with corresponding PPD values between 18–48%, indicating reduced comfort acceptability for most occupants. Wind speeds varied substantially across building zones, where areas with direct sea-breeze exposure demonstrated better thermal sensation alignment with PMV predictions. CFD outputs showed strong agreement with field measurements and revealed airflow patterns highly influenced by spatial configuration and coastal microclimate factors. Overall, the study highlights that thermal comfort in semi-outdoor coastal buildings depends primarily on natural ventilation effectiveness, shading, and microclimate exposure, while timber contributes to moderating surface-temperature fluctuations as part of broader passive design strategies.
Downloads
References
Suryani, A. S. (2022). Mewaspadai tren kenaikan suhu di indonesia.
Irwan, D., Binta, I., Fitriyanto, A., & Hilmy, M. (2022). Evaluasi Bangunan Hijau Berdasarkan Greenship Rating Tools Kriteria Indoor Health and Comfort. JUARA) Hal, 5(1), 57–67. https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=AwrgxTXAwG9pGQIAO05XNyoA;_ylu=Y29sbwNncTEEcG9zAzEEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Ny/RV=2/RE=1770141121/RO=10/RU=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.polnep.ac.id%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F2182%2F2363-6075-1-PB.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1/RK=2/RS=HwjbqpX01cdQEjQONNlXuzyyO1w-
Pawlak, F., & Sinacka, J. (2023). Recent Achievements in Research on Thermal Comfort and Ventilation in the Aspect of Providing People with Appropriate Conditions in Different Types of Buildings — Semi-Systematic.
Haiqal, M., Sari, L. H., Husin, H., Akhyar, A., Munir, A., & Bilqis, K. (2025). The Thermal Comfort Performance in an Indonesian Refugee Tent : Existing Conditions and Redesigns. December 2004. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18051249
Sujannah, H., Munir, A., Sawab, H., Arsitektur, M. J., & Perencanaan, D. (2019). Evaluasi Kenyamanan Termal Hana Cafe Darussalam, Banda Aceh. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Arsitektur Dan Perencanaan, 3(2), 17–22.
Yaolin Lin, T. H., & , Wei Yang, Xiancun Hu, C. L. (2023). A Review on the Impact of Outdoor Environment on Indoor Thermal Environment. 1–26.
Muslimsyah, M., Safwan, S., & Novandri, A. (2025). Comprehensive Assessment of Indoor Thermal in Vernacular Building Using Machine Learning Model with GAN-Based Data Imputation : A Case of Aceh Region , Indonesia. 1–28.
Gunawan, G. (2024). Studi Faktor Termal Pada Area Makan Kafe-Kafe di Bandung.
Kirana, M. N., Simbolon, L. M., Rosulindo, P. P., Nuryati, N., & Kunci, K. (2025). Analisis Kenyamanan Ruang Berbasis Aspek Termal dan Visual pada Kafe di Kota Bandung. 2, 117–123.
Mawardi, R., & Safyan, A. (2024). Analisis Kenyamanan Termal pada Bangunan Coffe Shop ( Studi Kasus : Ghathaf Kafe Kecamatan Syamtalira Aron ). 5(2). https://doi.org/10.53695/jm.v5i2.1047
SNI 03-6572-2001. (2001). Tata cara perancangan sistem ventilasi dan pengkondisian udara pada bangunan gedung . 1–55.
Rilatupa, I. J. (2021). Kualitas Lingkungan Ruang Dalam.
Sihotang, H. (2023). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif. In Pusat Penerbitan dan Pencetakan Buku Perguruan Tinggi Universitas Kristen Indonesia Jakarta. http://www.nber.org/papers/w16019
Aryani, S. M., Prabowo, W. A., & Suryo, M. S. (2025). Passive Design of Natural Ventilation System for Thermal Comfort in Saminah Sihyadi Mosque , Surakarta , Indonesia. 1(1), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.130.1.5163
Brimicombe, C., Lo, C. H. B., Pappenberger, F., Di Napoli, C., Maciel, P., Quintino, T., Cornforth, R., & Cloke, H. L. (2023). Wet Bulb Globe Temperature: Indicating Extreme Heat Risk on a Global Grid. GeoHealth, 7(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GH000701
Rachid, A. (2023). Sensitivity Analysis of Heat Stress Indices.
Psomas, T., Teli, D., Donovan, A. O., & Kolias, P. (2024). Environmental Parameters in Sweden.
Wahab, I. A., & Ismail, L. H. (2012). Natural Ventilation Approach In Designing Urban Tropical House. April.
Pervan, S. (2014). Specific Heat Capacity of Wood Specifični toplinski kapacitet drva. 65(2), 151–157. https://doi.org/10.5552/drind.2014.1333
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ade Riskia, Muslimsyah, Laina Hilma Sari, Siti Norbaya Mohd Konar (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
